Vision Quests †An Integral Part of Native American Culture

Vision Quests – An Integral Part of Native American Culture Free Online Research Papers Vision quests are an integral part of Native American culture. Boys that are in their early teens usually do vision quests. Girls are not allowed to go on a Vision Quest. First they go to the medicine man and tell him that he is ready to go on his quest. Then, the medicine man and the boy go into the village sweat lodge so that the boy can purify his soul in order to meet his spirit animal. Next, the boy goes into a sacred place that has a circle of rocks about ten feet wide, in which he sits in the middle of. The boy will spend the next two to four days becoming one with nature. After awhile the boy will have a vision in which he will meet his spirit animal. This signals the end of the vision quest and the boy is free to return to his tribe. The vision quest is an important time in the young boys life because it helps to give him a sense of who he is and to tell him his purpose in life. The boy would not know what his role in the tribe; much less his life would be if he were to have an unsuccessful vision quest. Not everyone gets a vision quest the first time that they go for a vision. Some people can take two to three times before they get their first vision. But once you do have a successful quest, you have your strength for life. For a male youth, the quest is a rite of passage that is the most important event in their life. Even their weddings do not come close to the level of importance as that of the vision quest. Without the vision quest, the boy might not ever meet his spirit guide. If that happens, the boy never fully reaches manhood and cannot participate in any tribal activities such as raids or scouting parties. It’s really quite sad because the only tasks that he is allowed to partake in are â€Å"womans duties†. Who wants to skin animals or beat a hide when you could be in a hunting party killing game with your friends? I know I would not to be the guy that was thought of as more of a woman than a man. Vision quests have endured to this day because they provide a link to the past for Native Americans. I think that in todays times, everyone is moving in such a hurried pace that there is no time to settle down. This provides a way for Native American youth to slow down and be able to have a link with their ancestors. I am not sure exactly what might happen if they were not able to connect with their families but I am also fairly certain that I will not have to ponder over this question because they are able to connect with their ancestors and have a sense of self. Native American children know that when they go on a vision quest they are participating in a centuries old tradition. Who knows these boys could be standing in the exact same spot that their great-great-great grandfather stood in when he meet his animal spirit and now here they are in that same spot, meeting that same animal spirit that is now supposed to guide them throughout their life. Although, not every vision q uest has to be solitary. There is a group vision quest that is very famous in todays time, but you do not hear it called a vision quest. Instead, you hear it called the Sun Dance. This is where many clans from a specific tribe will gather and play the games and do the dances of their long ago ancestors. I think this is why the vision quest has endured to this time. Because these extraordinary people had the strength and integrity to keep this tradition alive, even in the face of such adversity. Native Americans have had to endure many hardships such as boarding schools and extermination, yet they still managed to hold on to their culture and keep it alive. The details for vision quests will differ from tribe to tribe. The Kiowa tribe will send their seeker out to a high place in the Wichita Mountains where they will lay on a bed made of sage, and lie under a buffalo robe and lay on top of a shield. Also, â€Å"a typical task was to collect physical objects such as distinctive stones (especially quartz or other crystals), oddly perforated bones, feathers, animal hair and other objects considered to be imbued with supernatural power in order to create a â€Å"medicine bundle† (2). Another tribe to have an unusual vision quest was the Papago tribe in Arizona. These seekers would run for a week on a pilgrimage for salt along the coast of the Gulf of California. Once they arrived at the salt deposits, these people would then run again for a distance of ten miles to and from a headland. They were hoping that while on the run, they would receive the vision that they were hoping for. This run was said to be so hard that some o f the runners would actually pass away from the sheer exhaustion of it all. Vision quests will also vary in description from place to place. Some sites are located in caves and rock shelters. They were in hard to find places around water sources such as springs, streams, lakes, and waterfalls. They were in very dry climates like deserts. Sometimes you would have picturesque views from hilltops, mesas, and mountain ridges. They had uniquely formed and colored rock formations. Some of the rock formations even had amazing acoustic abilities and one was able to hear brilliant echoes. These are in very remote locations and are very hard to find because only only one person, the seeker, usually traveled them. Because of this, no real evidence of these sites survives today. You have to really know what you are looking for or who knows, you could walk right by it and not even know its there. The neat thing about the vision is that the animal speaker would sometimes give the seeker a special song or dance so that if the seeker might ever need him then all he would have to do is repeat the dance or song and the spirit guide would come. Songs also differed from tribe to tribe. The Wenatchi tribe in British Columbia had very distinctive songs that were different from other tribes. The Upper Skagit tribe tended to have songs that were pretty much indistinguishable from one another. Vision quests are going on even today when we least notice it and it is not always Native Americans that can have the visions. You can be in driving in your car or lounging around at your house. Sometimes you do not even know you are having a vision. It is called an in between state. This is a state that is in between (get it?) wakefulness and sleep. In this state, you are more acquiescent to the varying states of consciousness. This is sort of what the ancient Native American tribes went through when they went on their quest, but they usually hade a little help from psychotropic drugs just to give them a sort of helping hand. Small tribes from California would drink a jimson weed concoction while some tribes along the Missouri River would consume mescal. All in all, I think it made for a great vision, but back to modern times. Have you ever experienced a sense of Dà ©j vu? This could be easily explained. You had a vision and now it is coming true. The Native Americans c all it wild nature. We enter it every night when we fall asleep and dream. And everybody will go through the biggest vision quest of all when we pass away because that is all death is for Native Americans. It is simply a passing from plane of consciousness into another. Would that not be the wildest ride ever? I think so. Vision Quests can be compared to that of the hero journey if you think about the archetype of the vision quest. Think about it. You have the boy (the hero), he goes on the vision quest (the journey), he does not eat or sleep (the hardships), he finds his vision (the outcome), and he is a man (the reward). It is a rite of passage that you can still see in today’s times even. In today’s standards, you are a man when you hit certain milestones. When you turn sixteen and get your license; when you turn eighteen and you can vote; when you turn twenty-one and you can drink. We have many rituals for our young people when they hit certain ages and so do the Native Americans. The ritual for Native Americans is to do a vision quest. Some will do this a few times and there are many reasons for them to do the quests. They do vision quests because maybe they did not get a vision. Or maybe they had a dream and need to do a vision quest to interpret the dream. They also do vision quests as a way to pay homage to the Gods. When they get to the site, the seeker will approach first with a pipe. Then the seeker will get into the circle, stand in the center, face west, and pray. After that he stands by the pole that is facing west where he prays with the pipe in his hands. Finally, he will return to the center pole. The seeker will repeat this process facing in each of the remaining directions. They do this to show reverence and fear. If the Gods are not paid the respect that they are due, then the crops will not grow. There would be a shortage of animals to hunt and the tribe’s people would starve. It is the same reason that we go to church today. To worship our god and show our love and respect. Also, if you think about it, you can compare vision quests with other cultures. Let’s compare them with pagan seers. The seer would wrap himself (notice I said himself and not herself) in animal skins and go to an exotic location (may be with a waterfall?) to get a dream or vision. â€Å"Even Buddha, Christ, and the Prophet Mohammad all reportedly retreated alone into nature in order to achieve their definitive spiritual orientation†. Vision quests are mainly a Native American tradition. Boys take it usually in their early teens. The go off to an isolated and remote piece of land. Once there they will spend two to four days completely alone and cut off from everybody in the tribe. They will have no food or water. They will smoke tobacco and wait for the vision to come to them so that they can pass into manhood. They were and still are an integral part of the culture and are practiced by people today that are not of Native American descent. 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How Many Days Congress Works - Annual Total and Average

How Many Days Congress Works - Annual Total and Average Members of Congress work fewer than half of the days in any given year, But those account for only the legislative days, defined as an official meeting of the legislative body to do the peoples business. The House works about one day out of three, and the Senate works a little more than that, according to federal records. Youve probably heard the phrase do-nothing Congress at least once in your life, and its often a jab at the inability of lawmakers to reach common ground and pass important spending bills. Sometimes its a reference to how little Congress appears to work, especially in light of the $174,000 base salary for its members - more than three times the amount of money the median U.S. household earns. Heres an explanation of how many days Congress works every year. Number of Days Congress Works in Session a Year The House of Representatives has averaged 138 legislative days a year since 2001, according to records kept by the Library of Congress. Thats about one day of work every three days, or fewer than three days a week. The Senate, on the other hand, was in session an average of 162 days a year over the same time period. Technically a legislative day in the House can span more than 24 hours. A legislative day ends only when the session is adjourned. The Senate works a little differently. A legislative day often stretches beyond the boundaries of the 24-hour workday day and sometimes week. That doesnt mean the Senate is meeting around the clock. It just means that a legislative session merely recesses but doesnt adjourn after a days work. Here are the number of legislative days for the House and Senate each year in recent history: 2016: 131 in the House, 165 in the Senate.2015: 157 in the House, 168 in the Senate.2014: 135 in the House, 136 in the Senate.2013: 159 in the House, 156 in the Senate.2012: 153 in the House, 153 in the Senate.2011: 175 in the House, 170 in the Senate.2010: 127 in the House, 158 in the Senate.2009: 159 in the House, 191 in the Senate.2008: 119 in the House, 184 in the Senate.2007: 164 in the House, 190 in the Senate.2006: 101 in the House, 138 in the Senate.2005: 120 in the House, 159 in the Senate.2004: 110 in the House, 133 in the Senate.2003: 133 in the House, 167 in the Senate.2002: 123 in the House, 149 in the Senate.2001: 143 in the House, 173 in the Senate. House Averages 18 Hours of Work a Week Theres a little more to this analysis than just the number of days lawmakers are scheduled to cast votes. A 2013 analysis conducted by The New York Times found that the House was in session for 942 hours that year, or about 18 hours a week. That level of work, The Times noted, was the least by any Congress in a non-election year in nearly a decade. By comparison, the House worked 1,700 hours in 2007,1,350 hours in 2005,and 1,200 hours in 2011. The same went for the Senate, which had 99 voting days in 2013. Some attempts have been made to force members of Congress to work full weeks. In 2015, for example, a Republican lawmaker from Florida, Rep. David Jolly, introduced legislation that would have required the House to be in session 40 hours a week when members of the House were in Washington, D.C.A work week in Washington should be no different than a work week in every other town across the nation,† Jolly said at the time. Jollys measure failed to gain traction. Constituent Services Theres much more to being a congressman than voting. One of the most important aspects of the job is being accessible and responsive to the people who voted them into office. Its called constituent service: answering phone calls from the public, holding town-hall meetings on important issues, and assisting members of the 435 congressional districts with their problems. The nonprofit Congressional Management Foundation has reported: Members work long hours (70 hours a week when Congress is in session), endure unequaled public scrutiny and criticism, and sacrifice family time to fulfill work responsibilities. The 70-hour work week reported by members of Congress is more than twice the average length of the work week for Americans. When Congress Adjourns Congressional sessions begin in January of odd-numbered years and typically end in December of the same year. Congress adjourns at the end of each session. There are two sessions for each sitting of Congress. The Constitution forbids either the Senate or the House to adjourn for more than three days without the permission of the other chamber.

Market assessment, planning and strategy of Apple Inc Essay

Market assessment, planning and strategy of Apple Inc - Essay Example The firm that is analyzed in the paper is Apple. It was co-founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak in California in 1976 as a micro-computer manufacturer. The following year the company was incorporated and released one of the first commercially successful personal computers, the Apple II. In 1984, the company released the Macintosh, which changed the computing world with its revolutionary graphical user interface. Following the success of these two products in the market, Apple had its IPO in1984. In 2001, the company changed from being a personal computer manufacturer to a consumer electronics company. Today, the company designs, manufactures and markets mobile communication and media devices, personal computers, and portable digital music players, and sells a variety of related software, services, peripherals, networking solutions, and third-party digital content and applications. Apple Inc. has a worldwide presence and sells its products globally through its retail stores, online stores, and direct sales force, as well as through third-party cellular network carriers, wholesalers, retailers, and value-added resellers. Between 1994 and 1997, the company experienced record-low stock prices and severe financial losses, a scenario that only begun to be corrected with the re-instatement of Steve Jobs as the CEO in July 1997. Currently, the company boasts of being the most valuable company in the world with one share valued at US$ 598.35, net sales in 2011 of US$ 108.6 billion and free cash flow of US$ 33.27 billion. As at September 2011, Apple has a workforce of 63,300 employees.... The company’s obsession with excellence means that it only participates in markets where it can have a significant contribution (Chaffin, 2009). For this reason, Apple Inc. believes in focusing on few projects at any given time. With this mission statement, Apple categorizes its customers into three segments: consumer, small and mid-sized businesses; education; and enterprise and government. The company believes in giving its customers a high quality buying experience, therefore, in its major markets Apple sells many of its products and third-party products directly to consumers and businesses through its retail and online stores. In other markets, the company invests in programs to enhance reseller sales by placing high quality Apple fixtures, merchandising materials and other resources within those locations (Apple, 2011). To better meet the needs of its global market, Apple’s business is divided geographically into the Americas (North and South America), Europe ( Europe, Middle East and Africa), Japan, Asia-Pacific (Australia and Asia) and Retail (Apple-owned retail sales globally). Examination of the Market Environment Cooperative environment With the introduction of services such as iTunes Store, iBookstore, App Store, Mac App Store and iCloud, Apple moved from being merely a product manufacturer and seller to providing a platform that supports different business ecosystems. For example, the iBookstore supports the eBook business that comprises of authors, publishers and customers. In fact, in 2009 Apple came up with a new type of pricing strategy in the eBooks industry that shifted pricing power from the retailers to the publisher. Under the iBookstore agency model,

Chinese Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Chinese Society - Essay Example the general citizenry of urban areas and the affect of widespread technological advances, such as online educational opportunities upon the traditional Chinese family. This feeling is entrenched within ancient Confucian culture and has escalated with inception of the one-child policy in 1979. Despite China’s rapid ascent into the global economy, which has resulted in increased exposure into the global cultures, the sexism from ancient times has persevered and increased as is evidenced by the disproportionate male to female births over the past two decades. This policy was intended simply to limit the skyrocketing population of the country but has affected population arrangements, economic growth, resource deployment and the stream of migration throughout China. Marriage and child-bearing ages have risen, the size of families has decreased, male-to-female ratio has increased and urban populations have escalated. Unquestionably, the far-reaching effects of the one child policy cannot be understood by merely measuring population numbers or birth rates. One also must factor quality of life into the equation including living standards, crime and education. Moreover, the sex-imbalance can be represented by the rising sex ratio at birth (Hung 2004). The current trend of noticeable labor migration from rural to urban China is becoming a significant social factor greatly altering the whole of society. Studies conducted in 1995 determined that 70 million people nationwide had abandoned their home town for temporary or continuing employment in larger towns within the region or to urban areas (Shukai, 1996). The mass amounts of people constantly streaming into urban areas have put a strain on the infrastructures of many cities in China. This has become a serious problem because most cities’ governing bodies could, at best, barely support its present population in terms of social amenities. For example, most railway stations in big cities experienced massive

Tax Policies Essay Example for Free

Tax Policies Essay Taxes are financial charges or levies impose by a government on companies or individuals as a source of government revenue. Government needs revenues to cover their expenditure, which include enforcement of law and order, security, public works and infrastructures. The government also finances education and health care systems. Taxes are levied to transfer wealth from the richer people in society to the poor. They are also effective in addressing externalities. Generally taxes are used for distribution and allocation purposes. Taxes are beneficial for the economy. (Phillipe H and Norberg K, 1994)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Taxes designed to discourage harmful activities to the environment benefits the community as a whole. For instance taxes on harmful gas emissions act as incentives to reduce pollution, which can be disastrous to the health of individuals. Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are responsible for global warming which has adverse effects to the whole world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tax policies can have short term or long-term effects to the economy. Taxes can reduce people’s incentives to work, save or invest. Taxes could be consumption taxes, income taxes and taxes on international borrowing. Other types of taxes include corporation taxes, estate and social security taxes. (Gupta A, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The wealthy people in society are subject to inheritance taxes and estate or gift taxes. Personal income taxes apply to taxes imposed on individuals or families while corporate taxes apply to corporate earnings. Proportional taxes ensure equitable distribution of resources in the economy. Taxes benefit the community through the services the government is able to provide from revenues earned through taxes. (Gupta A, 2002). The community attains health and education.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Increasing tax rates acts as a disincentive for laborers. On the other hand, if tax rates are lower, people will be motivated to work and their productivity levels will be higher. Taxes can encourage or discourage production of certain goods. (Gupta A, 2002). To encourage the production or consumption the government imposes higher taxes on the goods in question. On the contrary taxes are deducted to promote the production and consumption of preferred goods. Therefore taxes affect the production of goods and services and therefore influence people’s consumption patterns.    An increased income tax reduces people’s disposable incomes making them ‘poorer’ as their purchasing power is reduced. Taxes on producers of goods and services translate to higher prices for them as the said producers transfer the costs to their consumers. People tend to avoid goods that are costly. (Phillipe H and Norberg K, 1994) Again, they can substitute the expensive or costly goods thus promoting the reduced disposable substitutes. This is referred to as the substitution effect of taxes. With reduced disposable incomes individuals are forced to operate on constrained budgets and their consumption trends will be affected. This is the income effect of taxes. (Gupta A, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Taxes regulate or restrict certain types of business practices, products or services. Income, sales and property taxes are revenue taxes while excise and import duties are regulatory taxes. Taxation is a very important source of government revenue. Other sources of government revenue include borrowing and charging for services. Payroll taxes benefits the community as they are used to finance social insurance programs like social security. The elderly unemployed and the disabled benefit from these taxes. Consumption taxes are levied on sales of goods and services. Taxes imposed on cigarettes and alcoholic beverages are excise taxes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Taxes affect people’s saving power or ability. When taxes are levied on interests or dividends they reduce the benefits that would have been felt if saving was done. Taxes can therefore influence a people’s saving ability. Taxes can influence the physical investment for businesses when tax rates put in place are higher in certain places than in others. Businesses will locate their premises where tax rates are lower so as to increase their profitability levels. Taxes are added costs for the business. Reduction of people’s purchasing power reduces their ability to obtain necessities, comforts and luxuries. (Gupta A, 2002). If the tax burden falls on the poor they are likely to feel a strong impact. Their standards of living will be lowered and thus their efficiency and ability to work will be reduced.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The rich in society may not feel the impact as taxation. Taxation for them mostly affects luxurious goods, which don’t influence their efficiency or ability to work. Tax policies affect people’s ability to save. Incomes determine the amount of savings. Reducing people’s incomes automatically reduces their saving power. The richer people have higher marginal propensity to save, as their incomes are higher than their expenditures. Taxes on the poor greatly reduce their ability to save. Ability to save affects investment and capital formation in the economy. Effects of income on distribution affect income generation as well as income distribution. The tax rates and the type of tax influence the effects to be felt. Governments must incorporate effective taxation policies that promote equity and growth in the economy. References: Alka Gupta. 2002. Public Finance and Tax Planning. Anmol Publications PVT. Hoffman Phillipe and Kathryn Norberg. 1994. Fiscal Crises, Liberty, and Representative Government, 1450-1789, p. 238.

Internal Resistance Investigation :: Papers

Internal Resistance Investigation I will conduct the following investigation with the aim to find the internal resistance of a lemon battery, which I will construct myself. The variables that could affect my experiment are as follows:  · Size of lemon - I will conduct my experiment in no longer than an hour, allowing me to use the same lemon for all results  · Size of metal electrodes - I will use the exact same electrodes throughout the whole experiment  · Length of any connecting wires - I will use the exact same wires throughout my experiment and will not break the circuit once I have started collecting data  · Resistance in the circuit - I will vary this using a highly sensitive variable resistor as shown in my method. To make my experiment fair I will only vary the most relevant variable to what I am investigating, which is the resistance in the circuit. All the other variables will be kept the same throughout the experiment as stated above. In my experiment I will need to measure the terminal pd, V, and the Current, I (in amps), for many values of resistance, R (in W), I will measure these as I know that V=E-Ir so these are the values that I need to know if I am to eventually calculate the batteries internal resistance. I think that to make my graphs and conclusions accurate I will need to take at least 10 measurements, covering the full range of the variable resistor I have available to me. To improve the accuracy of my experiment I will take my readings to the most decimal places as my voltmeter and ammeter will allow me. To do this I will need to make sure that I am using the milliamp/volt or 2 amp/volt setting on my meters. As I said before I will also do all I can to ensure that no other variables other that the one I am investigating are varied at any time during the experiment. It is hard to determine the exact resistance that a variable resistor is set at

Coca cola marketing strategies Essay

1.1  Marketing management Marketing is about meeting needs of target markets profitably. The key to professional marketing is to understand their customers’ real needs and meet them better than any competitor can. 1.1:DEFINITION OF MARKETING : Marketing is a social process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and values with others. (Philip Kotler) Marketing is the analysis, planning, implementation, and control of carefully formulated programs designed to bring about voluntary exchanges of values with target markets for the purpose of achieving organizational objectives. It relies heavily on designing the organization’s offering in terms of the target markets’ needs and desires, and on using effective pricing, communication, and distribution to inform, motivate, and service the markets. (Philip Kotler) Definition of American Marketing Association: Marketing (Management) is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals. Marketing management has the task of influencing the level, timing, and composition of demand in a way that help the organization achieve its objectives. Marketing management is essentially demand management. Marketing managers manage demand by carrying out marketing research, planning, implementation and control. Within marketing planning, marketers must make decisions on target markets, market positioning, product development, pricing, distribution channels, physical distribution, communication, and promotion. Marketing work in the customer market is formally carried out by sales managers, salespeople, advertising and promotion manages, marketing researchers, customer service managers, product and brand managers, market and industry managers, and the marketing vice-president KEY POINTS: a) Managerial Process involving analysis, planning and control. (The view of marketing as social process is not of interest to us as managers) b) Carefully formulated programs and not just random actions. (A charity organization sending volunteers out to collect money – this is not marketing, it is selling) c) Voluntary exchange of values; no use of force or coercion. Offer benefits. (A Museum, seeking members, tries to design a set of benefits that are appealing to potential members.) d) Selection of Target Markets rather than a quixotic attempt to win every market and be all things to all men. e) Purpose of marketing is to achieve Organizational Objectives. For commercial Sector it is profit. For non-commercial sector, the objective is different and must be specified clearly. Market : A market consists of all the potential customers sharing a particular need or want who might be willing and able to engage in exchange to satisfy that need or want. Marketers: When one party is more actively seeking an exchange than the other party, we call the first party a marketer and the second party a prospect. A marketer is someone seeking one or more prospects who might engage in an exchange of values. A prospect is someone whom the marketer identifies as potentially willing and able to engage in an exchange of values. Marketers do not create needs. Marketers influence wants. Marketers influence demand by making the product appropriate, attractive, affordable, and easily available to target consumers. They also communicate their offering to prospects. Society influences wants. People living in different societies prefer different types of food items, different types of apparel and even different types of jewellery. A product is anything that can be offered to satisfy a need or want. Offering and solution are synonyms to the product in marketing context. A product or offering can consist of as many as three components: physical good(s), service(s), and idea(s). Value is the consumer’s estimate of the product’s overall capacity to satisfy his or her needs. Marketers offer value to a consumer when the satisfaction of customer’s requirements takes place at the lowest possible cost of acquisition, ownership, and use. Marketing management: Marketing management takes place when at least one party to a potential exchange thinks about the means of achieving desired responses from other parties. The Marketing Concept The marketing concept holds that the key to achieving organizational goals consists of being more effective than competitors in integrating marketing activities toward determining and satisfying the needs and wants of target markets. The marketing concept rests on four pillars: target market, customer needs, integrated marketing, and profitability. Target market No company can operate in every market and satisfy every need. Nor can it always do a good job within one broad market. Customer needs Some marketers draw a distinction between responsive marketing and creative marketing. A responsive marketer finds a stated need and fills it. A creative marketer discovers and produces solutions that customer did not ask for but to which they enthusiastically respond. Integrated Marketing When all the company’s department’s work together to serve the customer’s interests, the result is integrated marketing. Integrated marketing takes on two levels. First, the various marketing functions-sales force, advertising, product management, marketing research, and so on – must work together. Second must be well coordinated with other company departments. The company is doing proper marketing only when all employees appreciate their impact on customer satisfaction. To foster teamwork among all departments, the company carries out internal marketing as well as external marketing. External marketing is marketing directed at people outside the company. Internal marketing is the task of successfully hiring, training, and motivating employees who want to serve the customers well. In fact internal marketing must precede external marketing. It makes no sense to promise excellent service before the company’s staff is ready to provide excellent service. Profitability The ultimate purpose of the marketing concept is to help organizations achieve their goals. In the case of private firms, the major goal is profit. Marketing managers have to provide value to the customer and profits to the organization. Marketing managers have to evaluate the profitability of all alternative marketing strategies and decisions and choose most profitable decisions for long-term survival and growth of the firm. Marketing Concept of Coca cola: The basic proposition of Coke’s business is simple, solid and timeless. When Coca cola bring refreshment, value, joy and fun to their stakeholders, then they successfully nurture and protect their brands, particularly Coca-Cola that is the key to fulfilling our ultimate obligation to provide consistently attractive returns to the owners of our business. Target market Coke’s commercials basically based on young generation it is the target market of coke because they want to represent Coke with the youth and energy but they also consider about the old people they then as a co-target market. Major segments Major segments are basically those people who take this drink daily and those areas where the demand is higher than the other areas. There are so many people who take this drink daily and those people who take weekly and those who take this drink daily and those people who take weekly and those who take less often are always there as well. So, their basic segments are those people who take this drink regularly. Factor affecting sales There are so many factors, which affects the sale of coke. Here we are discussing three major factors which effects coke. Per capita income Competitors Weather Per capita income- First we will discuss about â€Å"Per capital income†. This is major factor that affects the sale of this soft drink. Because which every passing year budgets are becoming very strict and tight in order to purchase things. So the disposable incomes of the people are coming down. They spend heavily on rents, utilities, and basic necessities and after that when they get extra money they think about this soft drink. So the decreasing per capital income effects badly in selling and production of this soft drink. Competitors- Coke’s major competitor is â€Å"PEPSI† and there is no hesitation to say this because, everyone knows that and all the other cold drinks, water, coffee, tea is the competitors. Weather- Weather is the third major factor in effecting the Coke’s selling. In underdevelopment market so the coke’s consumption in summers is 60% and in winters is 40%. Major Customers Need: First of all the majority don’t care that what they are going to have. In other words, they don’t care before drinking that whether it is â€Å"Pepsi† or Coke. They don’t actually differentiate between these two brands in order to their tastes. Consumers basically drink what they get. They believe on â€Å"What Cold they sold†. Consumer’s availability in brands is basically works like Push availability Pull Consumer demand For this reason, Coca-Cola has provided their coolers & freezers in the market. They have maximum number of coolers and freezers in the market. They provide this infrastructure free of cost just to provide child coke to their consumer, which they want to be purchases. The salesman & Mechanics regularly visit all the shops where coke has its infrastructure to check that either it is in proper condition or not, if not then they immediately change or repair it. 1.2 TOPIC RELATED CONCEPTS 1.2.1FLAVOURS OF CANS AVAILABE IN INDIA The Coca-Cola company offers almost all its carbonated drinks in the form of cans for the convenience of the customers both in product satisfaction and pricing. The company is always looking to innovate and come up with , either complete new flavours or new form of cans. The following are available in cans in India. IN COLA SECTION Coca-cola, diet Coke and thumbs up are available in 330 ml priced at Rs.20 per can.Coca- Cola is the original cola, diet coke is introduced with less than 1 caloroie, and thumbs up is know for its strong fizzy taste and its cofident, mature and uniquely masculine attitude. This brand clearly seeks to separate the men from the boys. IN LEMON SECTION Lime n lemoni Limca can cast a tangy refreshing spell on anyone, any where. Limca has livd up to its promise of refreshment and has been the original thurst choice of millions of consumers for over 3 decades. Sprite, a global leader in the lemon lime category, is the second largest sparkling beverage brand in India. IN ORANGE SECTION Internationally, Fanta the ‘orange’ drink of the Coca-cola company, is seen as one of the favorite drinks since 1940’s. Fanta entered the Indian market in the year 1993. Over the years Fanta has occupied a strong market place and is identified as ‘The Fun Catalyst’. 1.2.2 AVAILABILITY OF FIT CANS Coca-Cola fit cans are available in 330ml quantity of various flavours such as Coke, Diet Coke, Thumbs up, Sprite, Limca priced at Rs.20 per can. Cans are mostly available in super markets, hypermarkets as customers prefer them to grab them while shopping or take away home. Chapter 2 METHODOLOGY OF STUDY 2.1 NEED OF THE STUDY To know the various strategies adopted by the company. To know the performance and effect of the schemes on retailers perception. This will help the company to give the new schemes in the peak seasons like in summer to increase sale of glass bottles and juice mobile bottles. 2.2OBJECTIVES OF STUDY The main objective of this Fit Cans project is to study the sale of cans in the market. To advertise the various products of the company. To find out the present sales status of Fit Cans i.e. Thumsup, Coke, Diet Coke, Sprite, Limca, Fanta, at the retail outlets in the area. To collect data from retailers for the analysis and to know the opportunities where there can be more sale. To ensure the availability and visibility of the product. 2.3SCOPE OF THE STUDY By this study company can know its sales. This study helps the company to know the actual sales and position of cans in the market. This study helps the company to modify its distribution strategy of the fit cans. The study helps to find out the problems faced by retailers & distributors. 2.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This project is helpful to find out the sale trends of the coke products and its effect on consumer value and satisfaction. This study provides an insight to the company that what kind of strategy must be adopted in order to increase the sales and satisfaction o the consumer. This project directly deals with the interaction of different kind of retailers. 2.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The research includes the study which was descriptive in nature. It basically aims about how Coca-Cola fit cans are doing in the market. The study includes two methods- (a)PRIMARY (b)SECONDARY Primary includes the following ways- †¢Observation †¢Survey The data was collected through a structured questionnaire. 2.5 Sampling plan Sampling unit: Owners of the retail outlets. Sampling size: 76 OUTLETS Population : 100 OUTLETS Sampling procedure: Simple Random sampling Chapter 3 INDUSTRY PROFILE AND ORGANISATION POFILE 3.1 BEVERAGE ITS CONCEPTUAL ANALYSES Definition of Beverage A drink, or beverage, is a liquid specifically prepared for human consumption. In addition to basic needs, beverages form part of the culture of human society. Types of Beverage Water Despite the fact that most beverages, including juice, soft drinks, and carbonated drinks, have some form of water in them; water itself is often not classified as a beverage, and the word beverage has been recurrently defined as not referring to water. Essential to the survival of all organisms, water has historically been an important and life-sustaining drink to humans. Excluding fat, water composes approximately 70% of the human body by mass. It is a crucial component of metabolic processes and serves as a solvent for many bodily solutes. Health authorities have historically suggested at least eight glasses, eight fluid ounces each, of water per day (64 fluid ounces, or 1.89 liters), and the British Dietetic Association recommends 1.8 litters. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has determined that the average adult actually ingests 2.0 liters per day. Alcoholic Beverages An alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethanol, commonly known as alcohol, although in chemistry the definition of an alcohol includes many other compounds. Alcoholic beverages, such as wine, beer, and liquor have been part of human culture and development for 8,000 years. Non-alcohol Beverages Non-alcoholic beverages are drinks that would normally contain alcohol, such as beer and wine but are made with less than .5 percent alcohol by volume. The category includes drinks that have undergone an alcohol removal process such as non-alcoholic beers and de-alcoholized wines. Non-alcoholic Variants: a. Low alcohol beer b. Non-alcoholic wine c. Sparkling cider Soft Drinks The name â€Å"soft drink† specifies a lack of alcohol by way of contrast to the term â€Å"hard drink† and the term â€Å"drink†, the latter of which is nominally neutral but often carries connotations of alcoholic content. Beverages like colas, sparkling water, iced tea, lemonade, squash, and fruit punch are among the most common types of soft drinks, while hot chocolate, hot tea, coffee, milk, tap water, alcohol, and milkshakes do not fall into this classification. Many carbonated soft drinks are optionally available in versions sweetened with sugars or with non-caloric sweeteners. Hot Beverages Hot beverages, including infusions. Sometimes drunk chilled. Coffee-based Beverages Cappuccino Coffee Espresso Cafà © au lait Frappà © Flavored coffees (mocha etc.) Latte Hot Chocolate Hot Cider Mulled cider Tea-based Beverages Flavored teas (chai etc.) Green tea Pearl milk tea Tea Herbal Teas Roasted Grain Beverages Other: Some substances may either be called food or drink, or accordingly be eaten with a spoon or drunk, depending on solid ingredients in it and on how thick it is, and on preference: Soup Yogurt (Greenhalgh, Alison) 3.2 INDUSTRY PROFILE Industry Overview The soda drink and bottled water industry in the US includes about 3,000 companies that manufacture and distribute beverages, with combined annual US revenue of $70 billion. Coca-Cola and PepsiCo hold more than 50 percent of the market, following strong consolidation in the past decade. Only a few other companies have annual revenue above $500 million. Most are local or regional manufacturing and bottling operations with annual revenue under $100 million. Competitive Landscape Demand for non-alcoholic beverages is driven by consumer tastes and demographics. The profitability of individual companies depends on effective marketing. Large manufacturers have economies of scale in production and distribution, with average annual revenue per production worker close to $1 million. Small companies can compete by producing new products, catering to local tastes, or selling at lower prices. Products, Operations & Technology Nonalcoholic beverages include sodas (carbonated soft drinks, or CSD), bottled waters, juices, and a large variety of mixtures. Sodas account for about 60 percent of the market. The manufacture and distribution of most  national soda brands, including Coke and Pepsi, is a two-tiered process. The primary manufacturer produces flavored syrup called concentrate that is sold to local bottlers who manufacture and distribute the finished product. In a typical bottling operation, the flavored syrup, corn syrup (sugar), and filtered water are mixed in appropriate proportions, carbon dioxide gas is injected, and the finished soda product is poured into bottles or cans, which are capped, labeled, and packaged.(Beverage Manufacture and Bottling:2008). HISTORY Soft drinks can trace their history back to the mineral water found in natural springs. Bathing in natural springs has long been considered a healthy thing to do; and mineral water was said to have curative powers. Scientists soon discovered that gas carbonium or carbon dioxide was behind the bubbles in natural mineral water. The first marketed soft drinks (non-carbonated) appeared in the 17th century. They were made from water and lemon juice sweetened with honey. In 1676, the Companied Lemonades of Paris were granted a monopoly for the sale of lemonade soft drinks. Vendors would carry tanks of lemonade on their backs and dispensed cups of the soft drink to thirsty Parisians. PACKING INNOVATIONS: By the mid-1800s, soft drinks sold in Canada were packaged in 8-ounce (227.2 ml) round-bottom bottles for about 25 cents a dozen, except ginger beer, which was sold in draught form from wooden kegs. Wired cork closures were used until about 1884 with Codd’s Patented Globe Stoppers (25 types in all). Such closures were replaced by the Hutcheson Spring Stopper. The crown cap was introduced around 1905 and improved versions are still widely used, although they are gradually being replaced, especially on larger containers, with reclosable screw caps. Other packaging innovations since the mid-1960s include canned carbonated beverages, nonreturnable glass bottles and containers made from rigid plastics. However, an effort is being made, often through provincial legislation, to increase the use of returnable glass containers. The Soft Drink Bottling Industry Over 1,500 U.S. patents were filed for a cork, cap, or lid for the carbonated drink bottle tops during the early days of the bottling industry. Carbonated drink bottles are under a lot of pressure from the gas. Inventors were trying to find the best way to prevent the carbon dioxide or bubbles from escaping. In 1892, the â€Å"Crown Cork Bottle Seal† was patented by William Painter, a Baltimore machine shop operator. It was the first very successful method of keeping the bubbles in the bottle. Automatic Production of Glass Bottles In 1899, the first patent was issued for a glass-blowing machine for the automatic production of glass bottles. Earlier glass bottles had all been hand-blown. Four years later, the new bottle-blowing machine was in operation. It was first operated by the inventor, Michael Owens, an employee of Libby Glass Company. Within a few years, glass bottle production increased from 1,500 bottles a day to 57,000 bottles a day. Home-Packs and Vending Machines During the 1920s, the first â€Å"Home-Packs† were invented. â€Å"Home-Packs† are the familiar six-pack beverage carrying cartons made from cardboard. Automatic vending machines also began to appear in the 1920s. The soft drink had become an American mainstay. (Inventors: 2003). Milestones of Industry: In the industry’s early years the number of carbonated-beverage plants increased steadily, most serving small regional markets. In 1929 the industry was made up of 345 production plants and the value of shipments reached $12.3 million. By 1960 the number of plants had increased to 502 and the value of sales to $172.7 million. Subsequently, consolidation began, prompted by improved production, packaging and distribution facilities. By 1973, 337 plants were in production and the value of shipments was $484 million. In 1985, with sales of about $1.8 billion, the industry had 187 plants in production. Production volume has also increased dramatically: in 1939, soft-drink bottlers produced about 162 million litres of carbonated beverages; by 1967, production passed 758 million litres; in 1986, shipments were estimated at over 2.1 billion litres; and in 1998 that figure rose to 3.5 billion litres. A Timeline of soft drink invention: 1798 The term â€Å"soda water† first coined. 1810 First U.S. patent issued for the manufacture of imitation mineral waters. 1819 The â€Å"soda fountain† patented by Samuel Fahnestock. 1835 The first bottled soda water in the U.S. 1850 a manual hand & foot operated filling& corking device, first used for bottling soda water. 1851 Ginger ale created in Ireland. 1861 The term â€Å"pop† first coined. 1874 The first ice-cream soda sold. 1876 Root beer mass produced for public sale. 1881 The first cola-flavored beverage introduced. 1885 Charles Aderton invented â€Å"Dr Pepper† in Waco, Texas. 1886 Dr. John S. Pemberton invented â€Å"Coca-Cola† in Atlanta, Georgia. 1892 William Painter invented the crown bottle cap. 1898 â€Å"Pepsi-Cola† is invented by Caleb Bradham. 1899 The first patent issued for a glass blowing machine, used to produce glass bottles. 1913 Gas motored trucks replaced horse drawn carriages as delivery vehicles. 1919 The American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages formed. 1920 The U.S. Census reported that more than 5,000 bottlers now exist. Early 1920’s The first automatic vending machines dispensed sodas into cups. 1923 Six-pack soft drink cartons called â€Å"Hom-Paks† created. 1929 The Howdy Company debuted its new drink â€Å"Bib-Label Lithiated Lemon-Lime Sodas† later called â€Å"7 up†. Invented by Charles Leiper Grigg. 1934 Applied color labels first used on soft drink bottles, the coloring was baked on the face of the bottle. 1952 The first diet soft drink sold called the â€Å"No-Cal Beverage† a gingerale sold by Kirsch. 1957 The first aluminum cans used. 1959 The first diet cola sold. 1962 The pull-ring tab first marketed by the Pittsburgh Brewing Company of Pittsburgh, PA. The pull-ring tab was invented by Alcoa. 1963 The Schlitz Brewing company introduced the â€Å"Pop Top† beer can to the nation in March, invented by Ermal Fraze of Kettering, Ohio. 1965 Soft drinks in cans dispensed from vending machines. 1965 The resealable top invented. 1966 The American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages renamed The National Soft Drink Association. 1970 Plastic bottles are used for soft drinks. 1973 The PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) bottle created 1974 The stay-on tab invented. Introduced by the Falls City Brewing Company of Louisville, KY. 1979 Mello Yello soft drink is introduced by the Coca Cola Company as competition against Mountain Dew. 1981 The â€Å"talking† vending machine invented. (Mary Bellis: 2005) BEVERAGE INDUSTRY IN INDIA: A BRIEF INSIGHT In India, beverages form an important part of the lives of people. It is an industry, in which the players constantly innovate, in order to come up with better products to gain more consumers and satisfy the existing consumers. BEVERAGE INDUSTRY IN INDIA The beverage industry is vast and there various ways of segmenting it, so as to cater the right product to the right person. The different ways of segmenting it are as follows: Alcoholic, non-alcoholic and sports beverages Natural and Synthetic beverages In-home consumption and out of home on premises consumption. Age wise segmentation i.e. beverages for kids, for adults and for senior citizens Segmentation based on the amount of consumption i.e. high levels of consumption and low levels of consumption. If the behavioral patterns of consumers in India are closely noticed, it could be observed that consumers perceive beverages in two different ways i.e. beverages are a luxury and that beverages have to be consumed occasionally. These two perceptions are the biggest challenges faced by the beverage industry. In order to leverage the beverage industry, it is important to address this issue so as to encourage regular consumption as well as and to make the industry more affordable. Four strong strategic elements to increase consumption of the products of the beverage industry in India are: The quality and the consistency of beverages needs to be enhanced so that consumers are satisfied and they enjoy consuming beverages. The credibility and trust  needs to be built so that there is a very strong and safe feeling that the consumers have while consuming the beverages. Consumer education is a must to bring out benefits of beverage consumption whether in terms of health, taste, relaxation, stimulation, refreshment, well-being or prestige relevant to the category. Communication should be relevant and trendy so that consumers are able to find an appeal to go out, purchase and consume. The beverage market has still to achieve greater penetration and also a wider spread of distribution. It is important to look at the entire beverage market, as a big opportunity, for brand and sales growth in turn to add up to the overall growth of the food and beverage industry in the econom Market Structure Product Variation Company Share (%) Cola Drinks: Thumbs Up 29 Coca Cola 25 Pepsi 18 Non Cola Drinks: Fanta 9 Mirinda 8 Limca 9 Overall Colas 62 Lemon: Cloudy 7 Clear 3 Orange 17 Mango 3 Soda 8 Indian Product Range Flavour Ingredients Pack Product Company Cola Cola Flavour carbonated water sugar 200Ml. 300Ml. 500Ml. 1 Litre 1.5 Litre 2 Litre Coke, Thumsup RC Pepsi Coca-Coal RC cola Pepsi Orange Orange Flavour + Carbonated Water+ Sugar 200Ml. 300Ml. 500Ml. 1 Litre 1.5 Litre 2 Litre Fanta Mirinda Coca-Cola Pepsi Fruit Juice Mango Pulp+ Treated water+ sugar 250 ML Maaza Minute Maid Pullpy Orange Slice Tropicana Appy Fizz Real Coca-Cola Pepsi Appy Fizz Dabur Cloudy Lemon Lemon Flavour + Carbonated Water+ Sugar 3 200Ml. 300Ml. 500Ml. 1 Litre 1.5 Litre 2 Litre Limca LMN Mirinda Lemon Nimbooz Coca-Cola Parle agro Pepsi Clear Lemon Lemon Flavour+ Carbonated Water + Sugar 200Ml. 300Ml. 500Ml. 1 Litre 1.5 Litre 2 Litre Sprite 7’Up Dew Coca-Cola Pepsi HISTORY OF CARBONATED BEVERAGES IN INDIA: India with population of more than 100 crores is potentially one of the largest consumer markets in the world after China. The consumer market can be defined as the market for products and services that are purchased by individuals as households goods for their personal consumption. Soft drink  is a typical consumer product purchased by individuals to quench thirst and secondly for refreshment. Searching for the point of Indian soft drinks we first document on Gold Spot, this was the first brand soft drink in India. It was introduced by PARLE during later part of 40’s. Cola giant, Coca-Cola was the first foreign soft drink to be introduced in India in 1965, Coca-Cola make a very good beginning and dominated the whole scheme right from the word go. It (Coca-Cola) faced no competition at that time. COCA COLA entered India in the year 1993 in collaboration with PARLE INDIA LTD. Three of four groups of Indians companies who had the required production capacity started their own brands of Cola, Lemon, Orange, but failed to achieve their goal on a national basis. India always has love and hate relationship with MNC’s which gave a significant opportunities to soft drink industries in India when Coca-Cola decided to windup its operation in 1977 rather than bowing to the Indian government insisting on:- Dilution of equity, as the government felt that lots of foreign currency was being wasted. Manufacturing of the top-secret concentration in India. Disclose of the chemical composition of the essence. This left a large vacuum in the popular soft drink market, and a vista was opened to any company with the requisite, technical, marketing and organizational skills. The exit of Coca-Cola from India in 1977 accelerated the growth of several Indian Soft Drink. New soft drink in the form of Tetra pack entered the market among Frooti, Jump-In and Treetop were the prominent once. Till 1977 their equipped bottling plants and the distribution network a longing to be of no use. It took them one year to develop new formula to survive and gradually came up with Campa, Lemon, Orange and Cola that order. CONSUMPTION PATTERNS AND POTENTIAL OF MARKET: The majority of urban and suburban Indians consume non-alcoholic store bought beverages â€Å"less than once a day† suggesting a large untapped market potential. In order to increase consumption and penetration of such beverages however, manufacturers will have to address the two primary reasons why some Indians abstain entirely, that is, health concerns and undesirable taste – as highlighted in Boston Analytics’ survey of 8300 people across 15 cities. Approximately 120 billion liters of beverages are consumed by Indians every year, but only 5% represent store-bought packaged beverages. The majority of Indian consumers (75%) still consume non-alcoholic store-bought beverages ‘less than once a day’, highlighting a large untapped market opportunity, particularly in the carbonated drinks and juice or juice-based markets (estimated to be worth $1.5 Billion and $.25 billion respectively). While consumption frequency decreases with age, it is found to increase with income levels, except in the top-most economic strata of society. Health concerns remain the primary reason for not consuming non-alcoholic store-bought beverages at all. Yet of the 40+ brands covered in Boston Analytics’ study, none held a definitive position in this regard either positively or negatively. Boston Analytics’ study also revealed that 29% of those who consume non-alcoholic store bought beverage beverages do so at a fixed time during the day, suggesting that carbonated beverages have become a part of life for a significant portion of the Indian consumer market. Product taste is the primary driver of brand choice for carbonated, juice-based and sports/energy drinks. While consumptions patterns are somewhat similar across different tiered cities, reasons for not consuming non-alcoholic store bought beverages vary considerably. This study has implications for both the marketing and product development of carbonated, juice based and sports/energy drinks. Significant opportunities exist for manufacturers to expand these markets through both greater consumption and greater penetration. There are numerous initiatives which manufacturers, distributors and marketers can take in order to increase their market share in these product categories. For example: o Non-alcoholic beverage brands do not appear to be positioning themselves or differentiating themselves along the brand attributes that matter most to consumers in terms of product/brand selection and reasons for consuming and/or not consuming As with most product categories in India, consumption behavior and preferences differ dramatically across cities in India. While  Tier 1 cities (or the largest metros in India) report the highest consumption, significant differences exist among these cities, e.g., in terms of the time of day store-bought non-alcoholic beverages are consumed, preferred brands for carbonated beverages, reasons for consuming a particular product type, etc.). Such differences demonstrate the need for carefully targeted marketing campaigns that appeal to the needs, behaviors and preferences of local communities. TRENDS: Top Carbonated Beverages Industry Trends Consolidation: With overall growth of the beverage market slow, national companies have grown through overseas sales and acquisitions. Coca-Cola now owns 20 major beverage brands, PepsiCo 15. Cott, the largest private-label soda maker, has grown in recent years through the acquisition of local bottlers. Brand Management To distinguish their products from the large number of available competitors, manufacturers have relied heavily on using familiar brand names for new products. For example, Coca-Cola now comes in several different versions that are sugar- or caffeine-free or both, but all under the Coca-Cola label. Gatorade and Tropicana orange juice are now available in many different versions. PepsiCo has agreements with Starbucks and Lipton to use their brand names on new beverages. Private-Labels Amid the perception by consumers that colas don’t taste different, private-label sodas continue to be popular with budget-minded consumers and local supermarkets. Even though they’re priced lower than national brands, private-label sodas have higher margins for grocers because they’re cheaper to produce and don’t have heavy marketing costs. Cott has a large share of the private-label market, mainly because it supplies Wal-Mart, the nation’s biggest retailer. Economies of Scale Coca-Cola bottlers in North America have started an independent company expected to save money by giving them greater leverage in negotiations for contracts with suppliers and giant retailers. Projections indicate it could save about $100 million over the next few years through centralized bulk purchases of various goods from aluminum cans to vending machines. The company will also deal with major customers, such as Safeway, which now deals with several different bottlers. Packaging To increase convenience and consumption, beverage manufacturers are constantly experimenting with new product packaging. Coca-Cola introduced new packaging that conveniently fits 12 cans or bottles on a refrigerator shelf. The Fridge Pack was first used by a regional bottler, which saw sales of 12-packs increase 25 percent with the new packaging. In addition to Coke, the bottler has also applied the concept to Dasani water bottles. 3.3 Coca-Cola industry profile: COMPANY PROFILE: Coca-Cola, the product that has given the world its best-known taste was born in Atlanta, Georgia, on May 8, 1886. Coca-Cola Company is the world’s leading manufacturer, marketer and distributor of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups, used to produce nearly 400 beverage brands. It sells beverage concentrates and syrups to bottling and canning operators, distributors, fountain retailers and fountain wholesalers. The Company’s beverage products comprises of bottled and canned soft drinks as well as concentrates, syrups and not-ready-to-drink powder products. In addition to this, it also produces and markets sports drinks, tea and coffee. The Coca- Cola Company began building its global network in the 1920s. Now operating in more than 200 countries and producing nearly 400 brands, the Coca-Cola system has successfully applied a simple formula on a global scale: â€Å"Provide a moment of refreshment for a small amount of money- a billion times a day.† The Coca-Cola Company and its network of bottlers comprise the most sophisticated and pervasive production and distribution system in the world. More than anything, that system is dedicated to people working long and hard to sell the products manufactured by the Company. This unique worldwide system has made The Coca-Cola Company the world’s premier soft-drink enterprise. From Boston to Beijing, from Montreal to Moscow, Coca-Cola, more than any other consumer product, has brought pleasure to thirsty consumers around the globe. For more than 115 years, Coca-Cola has created a special moment of pleasure for hundreds of millions of people every day. (Source: www.Coca-Colaindia.com) OBJECTIVE OF COMPANY: The Company aims at increasing shareowner value over time. It accomplishes this by working with its business partners to deliver satisfaction and value to consumers through a worldwide system of superior brands and services, thus increasing brand equity on a global basis. They aim at managing their business well with people who are strongly committed to the Company values and culture and providing an appropriately controlled environment, to meet business goals and objectives.(Source: www.Coca-Colaindia.com) COCA-COLA PERFORMANCE IN INDIA Net operating revenues for the 4th quarter 2009 were 7,5 billion USD. Strong volume growth was achieved in key emerging markets, with 29% in China, 20% in India, and 8% in Brazil. Coca-Cola could achieve good volume growth even in developed markets, namely in France with 12% and in Germany with 3%. PRODUCTS OF COCA COLA: 1. Coca Cola 2. Thums up 3. Limca 4. Fanta 5. Sprite 6. Mazaa Competitors 1. Pepsi 2. Mirinda 3. Mountain due 4. Appy fizz 5. Tropicana Competion from substitutes 1. Fruit juices of unorganised market 2. Coconut 3. Mineral water TIME LINE TOF COCA COLA ORIGIN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Year 1894: A modest start for a bold idea In a candy store in Vicksburg, Mississippi, brisk sales of the new fountain beverage called Coca-Cola impressed the store’s owner, Joseph A. Biedenharn. He began bottling Coca-Cola to sell, using a common glass bottle called a Hutchinson. Biedenharn sent a case to Asa Griggs Candler, who owned the Company. Candler thanked him but took no action. One of his nephews already had urged that Coca-Cola be bottled, but Candler focused on fountain sales. Year 1899: The first bottling agreement Two young attorneys from Chattanooga, Tennessee believed they could build a business around bottling Coca-Cola. In a meeting with Candler, Benjamin F. Thomas and Joseph B. Whitehead obtained exclusive rights to bottle Coca-Cola across most of the United States for a sum of one dollar. A third Chattanooga lawyer, John T. Lupton, soon joined their venture. Years 1900-1909: Rapid growth The three pioneer bottlers divided the country into territories and sold bottling rights to local entrepreneurs. Their efforts were boosted by major progress in bottling technology, which improved efficiency and product quality. By 1909, nearly 400 Coca-Cola bottling plants were operating, most of them family-owned businesses. Some were open only during hot-weather months when demand was high. In the 1920s and 1930s: International expansion Led by Robert W. Woodruff, chief executive officer and chairman of the Board, the Company began a major push to establish bottling operations outside the U.S. Plants were opened in France, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Belgium, Italy and South Africa. By the time World War II began, Coca-Cola was being bottled in 44 countries. In the 1940s: Post-war growth During the war, 64 bottling plants were set up around the world to supply the troops. This followed an urgent request for bottling equipment and materials from General Eisenhower’s base in North Africa. Many of these war-time plants were later converted to civilian use, permanently enlarging the bottling system and accelerating the growth of the Company’s worldwide business. In the 1950s: Packaging innovations For the first time, consumers had choices of Coca-Cola package size and type-the traditional 6.5 ounce Contour Bottle, or larger servings including 10, 12 and 26 ounce versions. Cans were also introduced, becoming generally available in 1960. In the 1960s: Introduction of new brands Sprite, Fanta, Fresca and TAB joined brand Coca-Cola in the 1960s. Mr. Pibb and Mello Yello were added in the 1970s. The 1980s brought diet Coke and Cherry Coke, followed by PowerAde and Fruitopia in the 1990s. Today scores of other brands are offered to meet consumer preferences in local markets around the world. In the 1970s and 1980s: Consolidation to serve customers Advancement in technology led to global economy, retail customers of The Coca-Cola Company merged and evolved into international mega chains. Such customers required a new approach. In response, many small and medium-size bottlers consolidated to better serve giant international customers. The Company encouraged and invested in a number of bottler consolidations to assure that its largest bottling partners would have capacity to lead the system in working with global retailers. In the 1990s: New and growing markets Political and economic changes opened vast markets that were closed or underdeveloped for decades. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, the Company invested heavily to build plants in Eastern Europe. As the century closed, more than $1.5 billion was committed to new bottling facilities in Africa. 21st Century: Coca-Cola today The Coca-Cola bottling system grew up with roots deeply planted in local communities. This heritage serves the Company well today as consumers seek brands that honor local identity and the distinctiveness of local markets. As was true a century ago, strong locally based relationships between Coca-Cola bottlers, customers and communities are the foundation on which the entire business grows. COCA-COLA: VISION VISION FOR SUSTAINABLE GROWTH PROFIT: Maximizing return to shareowners while being mindful of our overall responsibilities. PEOPLE: Being a great place to work where people are  inspired to be the best they can be. PORTFOLIO: Bringing to the world a portfolio of beverage brands that anticipate and satisfy peoples’ Desires and needs. PARTNERS: Nurturing a winning network of partners and building mutual loyalty. PLANET: Being a responsible global citizen that makes a difference. COCA-COLA: MISSION Create consumer products services and communications customers service and bottling system strategy process and tools in order to create competitive advantage and deliver superior value to- Consumers as a superior beverage experience. Consumers as an opportunity to grow profit through the use of finished drinks. Bottlers as an opportunity to make reasonable to grow profits and value added Suppliers as an opportunity to make reasonable when creating real value added in environment of system wide teamwork, flexible business system and continuous improvement. Indian society in form of contribution to economic and social development. RED CONCEPT: RED stands for Right Execution Daily. It is a survey method for the company to know their position in the market. ABOUT RED: To check the availability of the visi cooler provided by the company to the retail outlets for their products. To check the activation in various outlets. To check the branding order of the various products in the cooler. Survey has done in the four topics- Impurity Brand Order Availability Activation IMPURITY: There should be no impurity in the visi cooler of the company. Impurity here refers to that brand which is presented in the visi cooler other than coke’s product. Therefore no other product of any other company should be in the cooler. BRAND ORDER: The company has given a brand order to the market developers to arrange the different brands in a specific order in the cooler. The order should be in such a way- Thumsup Coca cola Sprite Limca Fanta Maaza Kinley Pet & Juice AVAILABILTY: Availability is done according the type of outlet. There are four type of outlet mentioned below. According to this market developer has to ensure the availability of the products in the particular outlet. ACTIVATION: Activation is important because it helps to boost the sales of the company. It is done through the Glow sign, Shelf display, flanges. Combo boards, Table tops .This boards usually gives to the E&D outlets .It helps to attract the customers. Rack with header is provided to the grocery stores. Market developer must ensure that all these activation elements must available at all the outlets. VARIOUS ACTIVATION ELEMENTS: 1. WARM DISPLAY RACK 2. SHELF DISPLAY SHELF DISPLAY DISPLAY OF RACK VISI COOLER OPTIONAL ELEMENTS:- 1. STANDEE 2. SIX MOBILE HANGER 3. VISI COOLER BRAND STRIP 4. WARM DISPLAY RACK 5. TABLE TOP RACK TYPES OF OUTLETS: The company has divided their outlets on the basis of the following criteria- Volume Channel Income group VOLUME There are four types of outlets according to the volume of sales of the outlet- Platinum – 1500 & above per year Diamond – 800-1500C/s & above per year Gold – 500-799C/s per year Silver – 200-499C/s per year Bronze – above 7C/s 9C/s 20C/s 30C/s CONCEPT OF RED: Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Pvt.Ltd. India division Under Eurasia Operating Group has been working on RED i.e. Right Execution Daily Since JAN 2006.Coca-Cola company believes that its success depends on their ability to connect with consumer by providing them with a wide variety of choices to meet their desires, needs and lifestyles choices, company success further depends on the ability of their people by execute effectively every day. MEASURING THE PERFORMANCE OF RED: To measure the impact of Right Execution Daily (RED) a survey (RED AUDIT) is done by third party (a consultant) every month. Third party conducts a survey by visiting all the RED activated outlets and benchmarks it on the prescribed Merchandising standards of RED. A monthly report is send to Hindustan Coca- Cola Beverages Private Limited. The report is called as To create the Red Report third party asks a set of question from the retailers which are as follows: Related to Visicooler: Is Cooler in the Hot Spot Location? Does it have all the products of Coca-Cola available? Is the display of the Coca-Cola display of the products in a standard such as sprite, Thums up, Maaza, Fanta and Limca†,) Is cooler working properly? Is the cooler pure? Related to Price Communication: Is there proper price display of the products? Related to product availability: All the brands should be present in the every distribution channel but main concern is that 300 ml should be present in the every channel and 600 ml and 1.5 liters per bottles should be present in the Eating and. drinking, convenience and Grocery shop. .PRE SALE CONCEPT This is a new concept by the company. In this concept company takes order one day before and then delivers the product to each route. So this gives more time to market developer to assure RED. This concept has so many advantages- This gives more time to the market developer for the activation & branding purpose. By this company can easily implement the RED concept in better way. Presale concept makes assure of more availability of the products in the market. This concept is easy in processing. By this concept market developer can arrange the product in better way. The Company can display its products in proper way so that customers can attract towards it. Chapter 4 Analysis of data 4.1 MARKET SHARE OF CANS Q.1 Which cans are more demanded by customers? Table no. 4.1 Type of can Respondents Percentage Coca-Cola 70 70 Pepsi Slim can 30 30 Total 100 100 Chart no.4.1 INTERPRETATION: From the above table It can be said that Coca-Coca fit cans has 70% market share where as Pepsi slim cans has only 30% market share. 4.2 ORDER PLACING Q.2 How many cases of cans do you order Table no. 4.2 No. Of cases Respondents Percentage 0.5-1 70 70 1-2 15 15 2-5 10 10 5& above 5 5 Total 100 100 Chart no. 4.2 INTERPRETATION: From the above table it can be said that 70% of retailers are placing order of 0.5-1 case, 15 % are placing 1-2 cases, 10% are placing 2-5 cases and 5 % are placing 5 and above cases of order. 4.3 EFFECT OF CHANGE IN PRICE AND QUANTITY ON CANS Q.3 Does the change in price and quantity of fit cans increase sales? Table no. 4.3 Opinion Respondents Percentage Yes 80 80 No 15 15 Cant say 5 5 Total 100 100 Chart no.4.3 INTERPRATATION: From the above chart we can say that 80% of retailers said that change in price and quantity have effect on sales of cans, 15% of them did not agree and 5 % of them said they cannot say. 4.4 MARKET DEMAND FOR VARIOUS FLAVOURS OF CANS Q.no.4 Which flavor of cans are more sold Table no.4.4 Flavour Respondents Percentage Coca-Cola 12 12 Diet Coke 20 20 Thumbs up 45 45 Sprite 8 8 Limca 8 8 Fanta 5 5 Total 100 10 Chart no. 4.4 INTERPRETATION: From the above chart we can say that thumbs up has 45% market share, diet coke has 20%, coke has 12% , fanta has 8%, and both sprite and limca has 8% respectively. 4.5 CHANNEL WISE AVAILABILITY Q.no.5 Channel wise availability of cans? Table no. 4.5 Type of channel Respondents Percentage Convenince 10 10 E&D-2 15 15 Grocery-1 65 65 Travel 10 10 Total 100 100 Chart no.4.5 INTERPRETATION: From the above chart we can say that 65% fit cans are available in Grocery-1, 15% in E&D-2, 10% in convenience, 10% in travel. 4.6 VPO WISE AVAILABILITY Q.no.6 VPO availability of cans?. Table no.4.6 Volume per outlet Respondents Percentage Platinum 45 45 Diamond 30 30 Gold 15 15 Silver 8 8 Bronze 2 2 Total 100 100 Chart no.4.6 INTERPRATATION: From the above chart we can say that 45% of cans are available in Platinum outlets, 30% in Diamond outlets, 15% in Gold outlets, 8% in Silver outlets and 2% in Bronze outlets. 4.7 NON RED OUTLETS AVAILABILITY Q no. 7 Availability of cans in non red outlets Table no. 4.7 Non red outlets Respondents Percentage Own cooler 20 20 Shared with Competitor 80 80 Total 100 100 Chart no. 4.7 INTERPRATATION: From the above chart we can say that in non red outlets 80% of them are shared with competitor, and 20% of them have own cooler. 4.8 FLOOR STOCK AT THE OUTLET Q no.8 No. of cases of floor stock maintained at the outlet Table no.4.8 Chart no. 4.8 INTERPRETATION: From the above chart we can say that 75% of retailers are maintaing 0.5-1 case of floor stock, 10% are maintaining 1-5cases of floor stock, and 15% are not maintaining any floor stock. Chapter 5 FINDINGS SUGGESTIONS& CONCLUSION 5.1FINDINGS: Coca-Cola had a very high customer awareness and demand. Retailers are very much satisfied with market developers behavior. Retailers are not allowing market developers to keep visi-coolers pure There are some loyal customer who prefer selling only Coca-Cola. 5.2 SUGGESTIONS: More promotional offers have to be introduced. Coca-Cola Fit cans should be promoted more in order to increase the sales. New schemes should be introduced for retailers in order to promote Fit cans. Market developers should be given some amount which can be used to provide credit facility to some retailers. Coolers should be provided in petrol bunks so that it will generate impulse purchase as traffic will be more in petrol bunks like siripuram h.p. The Company employees should make direct contact with the consumers, so that they may aware with  real situation of the market and consumers attitude towards the product. For this they can arrange awareness camps in different locations like recently they gave free  cokes in beach road Floor stock must be maintained so that consumers can enjoy continous supply. 5.3 CONCLUSION: This project is playing a very important role for the company. With the help of this project, company can know its opportunities in the market. Because in this project the survey is done by interacting with different kinds of people by which the attitude towards the product can be known. All the activation elements like maintainance of floor stock, rack display, standees etc must be available at all outlets . All these elements help the company in increasing the sales. Definitely when sales increase then profits also increases. With the help of this project company has increased its sale and also company can measure or check the performance of each retailers working with COCA COLA COMPANY. BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS: A. Philip Kotler (2009), â€Å"Marketing Management† Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, Eleventh Edition. B. Bellur and Berkman (1987), â€Å"Readings in Marketing Management† Himalaya Publishing House, New Delhi, First Edition. C. Samars and Barmer Stanton â€Å"Fundamentals of Marketing† Mc Graw Hill Company, Ryerson, Eight Edition. D. Gupta and Rajan Nair (2002), â€Å"Marketing Management† Sultan Chand & Sons, New Delhi, Seventh EditionPhilip Kotler (2009), â€Å"Marketing Management† Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, Eleventh Edition. E. Bellur and Berkman (1987), â€Å"Readings in Marketing Management† Himalaya Publishing House, New Delhi, First Edition. F. Samars and Barmer Stanton â€Å"Fundamentals of Marketing† Mc Graw Hill Company, Ryerson, Eight Edition. WEBSITES http://www.articlesbase.com/customer-service-articles/importance-of-customer-satisfaction-3242170.html http://www.coca-cola.com http://www.chemuturi.com/Measuring%20Customer%20Satisfaction-CMK.pdf http://www.google.com http://www.ko.com http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com http://www.wikipedia.org ANNEXURE QUESTIONNAIRE ON COCA-COLA FIT CANS 1.Which cans are more demanded by customers? a)Coca-cola fit can b)Pepsi slim can 2.How many cases of cans do you order? a)0.5-1 case b)1-2 case c)2-5 case d)5&above 3.Does the change in price and quantity of fit can increase sales? a)Yes b)No 4.Which flavour of cans are more sold? a)Coca-cola b)Thumps up c)Fanta d)Sprite e)Diet coke f)Limca 5.Channel wise availaibility? a)cConvenience b)E&D c)Grocery d)Travel-1 6.Volume per outlet wise availability? a)Platinum b)Diamond c)Gold d)Silver e)Bronze 7.Non RED outlet availability? a)Own cooler b)Competitor but shared 8.Floor stocks at the outlet? a)1case b)1-5case c)Nil

A drama by Arthur Miller Essay

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Essay Religious Study Essay Religious Study Max Weber, the German Philosopher and an author, in his book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, theorizes the relationship between the Protestantism and the emergence of capitalism. Weber argues that the religious ideologies of group such as the Calvinist Protestantism paved the way for the rise of the modern capitalism. According to Weber, the two significant theological differences between the Protestant Reformation and the Roman Catholic Church that which brought changes in people’s belief during the 16th century were concerning the value of works and ideas of vocation. In Catholicism, the ideas of value of works require one to perform good work in order to attain salvation. In contrast, Weber found motivation in radical form of Protestantism - Calvinism - and its doctrine of predestination. Calvinist Protestants believe that God has already chosen each person for either eternal salvation or for eternal damnation. Therefore, if a person performed good deeds and were successful it was simply because they were predestined. Unlike in the Catholic practice in which one may also earn salvation through a monastic lifestyle and performing good work for others, Calvinist doctrine of predestination stated that the salvation could not be earned and there was no need of a mediator because of the preor dained fact of being saved or dammed. Weber theorizes that people could make sure, if they were among the elect through worldly activities. Weber interpreted these worldly activities as one being successful at whatever they do. The Calvinist emphasized that for a person to be successful they must invest, make profit, and reinvest all of the profit while living a frugal life. For example, a fruit vendor he re invests his profits back into his business and he was successful in his business, therefore he was chosen for salvation. However, the overall objective for an individual was to achieve the inner satisfaction and assurance that he/she is the one chosen for salvation. Weber argued that

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